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Heart FactsDo you Know Your heart beats around1,00,000 times per day to deliver 7500Liters of Blood Through 10,000 Km ofBlood Vessels, It has many Responsibilitiesincluding pumping blood throughout our bodies, transporting oxygen and nutrients, and getting rid of any waste products?Almost 80% of Early stage heart diseasescan be reversed with a healthier lifestyleSo, take a beat to think about your heart today
Common Cholesterol Tests:Total Cholesterol: The sum of LDL, HDL, and a portion oftriglycerides.LDL-Cholesterol: Associated with plaque buildup.HDL-Cholesterol: Helps remove LDL from arteries.Triglycerides: Elevated levels indicate increased heartdisease risk.
Advanced Lipid Profile - Key Functional MarkersApoA1 (Apolipoprotein A1): Reflects HDL’s protective function.ApoB (Apolipoprotein B): Indicates the number of atherogenicparticles.Lp(a) (Lipoprotein a): Genetic risk factor for heart disease.sdLDL (Small Dense LDL): More harmful than larger LDL particles.VLDL: Indicates triglycerides
Ratios Also ImportantLDL/HDL Ratio : Indicates risk of plaque buildup and heart diseaseTriglycerides/HDL Ratio: Indicates insulin resistance, risk of metabolicsyndrome and heart diseaseTotal Cholesterol/HDL Ratio: Indicates risk of cardiovascular diseaseApoB/ApoA1 Ratio: Indicates risk of cardiovascular disease.Non-HDL Cholesterol/HDL Ratio: Indicator of heart disease and plaqueformationLDL/Total Cholesterol Ratio: Indicator of heart disease
Additional Lipid and Inflammatory Markershs-CRP (High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein): Marker ofsystemic inflammation.Homocysteine: Elevated levels linked to heart disease risk.Lp-PLA2 : (Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2) is anenzyme produced by inflammatory cellsFasting Insulin: Used to assess insulin production andsensitivity.HOMA-IR: Early marker of insulin resistance
Additional Lipid and Inflammatory MarkersHigh-Sensitivity Troponin: Used to detect heart damage.Oxidized LDL: A form of LDL that is considered more atherogenic.Fibrinogen: A clotting factor that can indicate inflammation.Interleukin-6 (IL-6): A cytokine involved in inflammation.Adiponectin: A hormone linked to fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity.N-terminal pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP): Used to assess heartfailure.Lipid Peroxides: Indicators of oxidative stress.Sialic Acid: Another inflammation marker linked to cardiovascular risk.
BUSESLDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins)HDL (High-Density Lipoproteins)sdLDL (Small Dense LDL)VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoproteins)Cardiovascular Risk AssessmentHeartway Travels: A Story of Buses and PassengersPASSENGERSLDL CholesterolHDL CholesterolLp(a) From GeneticsTriglycerides (main energy carriers)HS-CRP H O M O C Y S T E I N EL P - P L A 2SIGNALSWARNINGTICKETSRoutesApoBApoBApoBApoA1
BusesLDL HDLsdLDLVLDLPassengersLDL Cholesterol, Lp(a),TriglyceridesHDL CholesterolLDL CholesterolTriglyceridesDuties(Role) Delivers cholesterolto cells for repair andhormone productionCollects excesscholesterol fromcells and arteries,returning it to theliver for excretion.sdLDL has somephysiological roles incholesterol transportand cellular functionTransports triglycerides totissues for energy storageor usage.Issues(PotentialProblems)Too much LDL leadsto plaque buildup inarteries(atherosclerosis).Low levels of HDLreduce the body’sability to clearexcess cholesterol,increasing heartdisease riskEasily penetrates arterywalls, leading to higherrisk of plaque formationand heart disease (MoreDanger)Excess VLDL contributesto elevatedtriglycerides, leading tofatty deposits inarteries and increasingrisk of heart diseaseDuties & IssuesThe buses in Heartway Transit are responsible for transporting passengers (fats and lipids) to different parts of the city. Each bus has its own job,contributing to the overall health of the system:
TagsIdentifies BusesDescriptionApoA1HDLApoA1 is the main protein on HDL buses, which are responsible forcleaning up cholesterol from the bloodstream and transportingit back to the liver for recycling or removal.ApoBLDLVLDLLp(a)ApoB is the main protein found on the surface of LDL, VLDL, IDL, andLp(a) buses. It acts like an identification badge that marks these busesas potentially dangerous since they are responsible for deliveringcholesterol to the body’s cells. When too many of these buses are on theroad, they can lead to congestion (blockages in the arteries), increasingthe risk of heart disease.Tickets (ApoA1 & ApoB)Monitoring ApoB and ApoA1 levels is useful for assessing cardiovascular risk, as a higher number of ApoB-tagged buses compared to ApoA1buses indicates more dangerous vehicles on the road and higher risk of blockages.
SignalWarningsDescriptionhs-CRPSignals ongoinginflammation in the body,indicating potential damagerisk.Elevated hs-CRP levels may suggest a higher risk ofcardiovascular disease.HomocysteineIndicates potential damageto blood vessels andarteries.High levels are associated with increasedcardiovascular risk and stroke.Lp-PLA2Enzymatic marker thatindicates inflammation anddamage in arteriesElevated levels suggest increased risk of cardiovascularevents and plaque instability.Warning Signalshs-CRP, Homocysteine, and Lp-PLA2 act as signals that alert the city to potential problems, indicating inflammation and damage that need to beaddressed for maintaining overall health.
MarkerOptimal RangeBorderline HighDangerTotalCholesterol< 200 mg/dL200-239 mg/dL≥ 240 mg/dLLDLCholesterol< 100 mg/dL100-129 mg/dL130-159 mg/dL (Borderline)HDLCholesterol≥ 60 mg/dL(Protective)40-59 mg/dL (Borderline)< 40 mg/dL (High Risk)Triglycerides< 100 mg/dL150-199 mg/dL (Borderline)200-499 mg/dL (High)Lipid Profile Values
MarkerOptimal RangeWhat High Values IndicateWhat Low Levels IndicateApoA1>120 mg/dL (Men), >140 mg/dL (Women)Indicates good cholesterolclearanceIncreased risk of heart disease, reducedreverse cholesterol transportApoB60-100 mg/dLIncreased risk of atherosclerosisand cardiovascular diseaseLow risk for cardiovascular issues, but verylow might impair cholesterol transportLp(a)< 30 mg/dLHigher lifelong cardiovascular riskLower cardiovascular risksdLDL<30 mg/dLIncreased risk of heart disease dueto plaque formationLower risk, but sdLDL levels are typically aconcern only if elevatedVLDL2-30 mg/dLElevated triglycerides, higher risk ofheart diseaseMay indicate low triglyceride levels, but nottypically a concernAdvanced Lipid Profile Values
Why Ratios ?LDL/HDL Ratio (Buses and Cleanup): In Heartway, LDL buses are the ones most likely to causecongestion on the roads (arteries), while HDL buses are responsible for clearing up those congestions.The LDL/HDL ratio tells you whether there are too many LDL buses for the HDL cleanup crew to handle,which increases the risk of heart disease. A lower LDL/HDL ratio means the cleanup system is workingbetter, keeping the roads clear.Triglycerides/HDL Ratio (Energy Passengers and Cleanup): The triglyceride passengers are essentialbecause they provide energy, but too many triglycerides overwhelm the HDL buses. TheTriglycerides/HDL ratio tells you if the city has too many energy passengers and whether the HDL busescan keep up with the demand. A lower ratio is ideal because it means the city’s cleanup is effective andnot overwhelmed by energy passengers.ApoB/ApoA1 Ratio (Bus Tags): ApoB and ApoA1 tags on the buses indicate whether they are risky orprotective. The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio evaluates whether there are more dangerous LDL/VLDL buses on theroad compared to protective HDL buses. A high ApoB/ApoA1 ratio means there are more LDL busesrelative to HDL, raising the risk of road congestion (heart disease). Buses and Passengers (Explained in Terms of Ratios)
MarkerOptimal RangeWhat High Values IndicateLDL/HDL Ratio< 3.5 (Ideal: 2.0-3.5)High risk of plaque buildup and heart diseaseTriglycerides/HDL Ratio< 2 (Ideal: 1-2)High insulin resistance, risk of metabolic syndrome and heartdiseaseTotal Cholesterol/HDL Ratio< 5 (Ideal: 3.5-4.5)Increased risk of cardiovascular diseaseApoB/ApoA1 Ratio< 0.7 (Ideal: 0.5-0.7)High atherogenic lipoproteins, greater risk of heart diseaseNon-HDL Cholesterol/HDL Ratio< 3.0Greater risk of heart disease and plaque formationLDL/Total Cholesterol Ratio< 0.7High LDL cholesterol, increased risk of cardiovascular diseaseRatios Values
Should be lowShould be highLDL, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, VLDL, sdLDL, ApoB, Lp(a), Triglycerides/HDL Ratio, ApoB/ApoA1Ratio, Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio, LDL/HDL RatioHDL, ApoA1ConclusionThe LDL and VLDL buses, while necessary for delivering essential nutrients, can clog up the city's streets if theybecome too numerous. On the other hand, the HDL buses are like the city's cleanup crew, tirelessly working to clearany blockages and keep the roads (arteries) safe. Specialized buses, like sdLDL and Lp(a), add complexity to thesystem, requiring careful attention to avoid contributing to road congestion (plaque buildup).The passengers on these buses, including LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, all serve vital roles, buttoo much of one type can throw the system out of balance. In particular, the rogue passenger Lp(a) adds anunpredictable element, increasing the risk of arterial damage.Ratios, such as LDL/HDL, Triglycerides/HDL, and ApoB/ApoA1, are critical tools for monitoring the city’s traffic flow.These ratios help identify when there are too many dangerous buses on the road compared to the protective ones,signaling the need for intervention.Lastly, the warning systems (inflammatory markers like hs-CRP, homocysteine, and Lp-PLA2) act as the city's alarm,indicating when damage is occurring and alerting the system to potential dangers.
Moral of the StoryHeartway Travels thrives on balance. Bymaintaining the right number of buses,ensuring cleanup operations run smoothly,and listening to the city's warning signals, youcan keep the roads of your arteries clear andavoid the traffic jams that lead to heartdisease. Just like a well-organized transitsystem, your body needs attention and careto stay healthy and run smoothly.
Interpreting the Markers for Functional NutritionHolistic view of markers and their interrelations.Importance of addressing multiple markers simultaneously.Examples of how nutrition impacts each marker:Lowering ApoB: Increase unsaturated fats and soluble fiber.Reducing Inflammation (hs-CRP): Include omega-3s, turmeric.Managing Triglycerides: Reduce refined carbs.Lowering Homocysteine: Increase folate, B6, B12 and OtherSupplements
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